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Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Formation of biphasic constructs containing cartilage with a calcified zone interface.

K S Allan1, R M Pilliar, J Wang

  • 1CIHR BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Tissue Engineering
|May 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created a biphasic construct mimicking calcified cartilage. This engineered tissue showed improved stiffness and shear strength, highlighting the importance of a mineralized zone for cartilage repair.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Orthopedic Research

Background:

  • The zone of calcified cartilage is crucial for anchoring hyaline cartilage to subchondral bone and dispersing mechanical forces.
  • Mimicking the zonal organization of native cartilage is a key challenge in tissue engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a biphasic construct with a mineralized interface to mimic the native calcified cartilage zone.
  • To evaluate the mechanical properties of the engineered cartilage construct.

Main Methods:

  • Chondrocytes from bovine articular cartilage were cultured on porous calcium polyphosphate (CPP) with beta-glycerophosphate (beta-GP).
  • The formation of a mineralized interface and cartilaginous tissue was assessed over 8 weeks.
  • Mechanical testing, including stiffness and interfacial shear properties, was performed.

Main Results:

  • A biphasic construct with a calcified zone (hydroxyapatite) and a hyaline-like zone was successfully formed in vitro.
  • Mineralization was dependent on the presence of beta-GP.
  • The engineered cartilage with a mineralized zone exhibited significantly greater stiffness and interfacial shear strength compared to non-mineralized tissue.

Conclusions:

  • The development of a biphasic construct with a mineralized interface significantly enhances cartilage load-bearing and shear strength properties.
  • The mineralized zone is critical for improving the mechanical performance of bioengineered cartilage.
  • Further optimization is needed to fully replicate native osteochondral tissue mechanics and failure modes.