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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure
06:14

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

Published on: September 16, 2022

Transcription factor Sp4 regulates dendritic patterning during cerebellar maturation.

Belén Ramos1, Brice Gaudillière, Azad Bonni

  • 1Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 31, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The transcription factor Sp4 limits dendritic branch formation and promotes activity-dependent pruning in cerebellar granule neurons. Sp4 depletion disrupts normal dendritic development, leading to excessive branching and impaired remodeling.

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Utilizing In Vivo Postnatal Electroporation to Study Cerebellar Granule Neuron Morphology and Synapse Development
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Neuronal integration relies on dendritic arborization patterns.
  • Genetic regulation of dendritic remodeling during development and activity is not fully understood in mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the transcription factor Sp4 in regulating dendritic patterning of cerebellar granule neurons.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which Sp4 controls dendritic branch formation and activity-dependent remodeling.

Main Methods:

  • Knockdown of Sp4 in dissociated cerebellar granule neuron cultures and in vivo cerebellar cortex.
  • Time-course analysis of dendritic branch dynamics.
  • Overexpression of Sp4 wild type and a DNA-binding domain mutant.
  • Assessment of activity-dependent dendritic remodeling via depolarization.

Main Results:

  • Sp4 knockdown resulted in increased dendritic branching and impaired resorption of transient dendrites.
  • Depolarization-induced dendritic reduction was blocked by Sp4 knockdown.
  • Sp4 overexpression promoted dendritic pruning under non-depolarizing conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The transcription factor Sp4 is a critical regulator of dendritic patterning in cerebellar development.
  • Sp4 limits dendritic branch formation and mediates activity-dependent dendritic pruning.