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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells01:23

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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
However, failure of such a system...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
The two main cell...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Human stem cells, chromatin, and tissue engineering: boosting relevancy in developmental toxicity testing.

Elizabeth Cho1, Wan-Ju Li

  • 1Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. chofertikh@hotmail.com

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Summary

Stem cells and chromatin biology offer new toxicology research avenues, potentially bridging animal-to-human extrapolation gaps. Tissue engineering advances further enhance preclinical and clinical applications for developmental toxicology.

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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental toxicology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Chromatin biology
  • Tissue engineering and regeneration

Background:

  • Risk assessment relies on human health-relevant toxicology research.
  • Stem cells and chromatin biology are key areas for preclinical and clinical applications.
  • Tissue engineering and regeneration are advancing rapidly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how stem cells and chromatin biology can improve toxicology evaluations.
  • To bridge the gap between animal and human cross-species toxicology.
  • To examine developmental toxicology applications and environmental toxicant impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing basic biology of stem cells, chromatin, and tissue engineering.
  • Analyzing how early life toxicant exposure affects gene expression via chromatin modification.
  • Providing examples of toxicant-induced malformations and diseases.

Main Results:

  • Aberrant chromatin modification by toxicants can lead to malformations and diseases.
  • Examples include diethylstilbestrol-induced reproductive defects and heavy metal-associated issues.
  • Stem cells and chromatin biology offer novel approaches to toxicology.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cells and chromatin biology are essential research tools for toxicology.
  • Tissue engineering may help close uncertainty gaps in cross-species evaluations.
  • Understanding chromatin modification is crucial for assessing toxicant risks.