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Related Concept Videos

Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Globular and Fibrous Proteins02:21

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Many proteins can be classified into two distinct subtypes - globular or fibrous. These two types differ in their shapes and solubilities.
Globular proteins are also known as spheroproteins and typically are approximately round in shape. They contain a mix of amino acid types and contain differing sequences in their primary structures. Globular proteins have many different functions, such as enzymes, cellular messengers, and molecular transporters. These roles often require the proteins to be...
Protein and Protein Structure02:15

Protein and Protein Structure

Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
A protein's shape is critical to its function. For example, an enzyme can...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Related Experiment Video

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Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota
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Crystal structure of the human GINS complex.

Jung Min Choi1, Hye Seong Lim, Jeong Joo Kim

  • 1National Creative Initiatives for Structural Biology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyung Book 790-784, South Korea.

Genes & Development
|June 5, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The human GINS complex, crucial for DNA replication, has an elliptical structure. Its four protein components likely evolved from a common ancestor, with key functional regions identified.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The GINS complex is essential for eukaryotic DNA replication, mediating the assembly of the MCM2-7 complex into the replisome progression complex.
  • The GINS complex comprises four subunits: Sld5, Psf1, Psf2, and Psf3, which are vital for cell proliferation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of the human GINS complex.
  • To investigate the evolutionary relationships between the GINS subunits.
  • To identify functionally critical regions of the GINS complex through structure-based analysis.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography to determine the 3D structure of the human GINS complex.
  • Comparative structural analysis of the GINS subunits.
  • Structure-based mutational analysis to identify critical functional regions.

Main Results:

  • The human GINS complex adopts an elliptical shape with a central channel.
  • Structural similarities between Sld5/Psf2 and Psf1/Psf3 were observed.
  • Permutation of N-terminal and C-terminal domains between Sld5/Psf1 and Psf2/Psf3 suggests common ancestry.
  • Key functionally important surface regions of the GINS complex were identified.

Conclusions:

  • The determined structure provides insights into the GINS complex's role in DNA replication.
  • The structural and domain permutation data suggest a shared evolutionary origin for the GINS subunits.
  • Identification of critical surface regions facilitates further functional studies of the GINS complex.