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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous column.
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Muscles of the Vertebral Column01:27

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
The superficial layer consists primarily of the splenius muscles, which include the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. These muscles are mainly responsible for the head and cervical spine movements, including extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis...
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity
06:45

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Published on: September 16, 2022

Derotation of the spine.

Suken A Shah1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children's Clinic, Wilmington, DE 19899, USA. sshah@nemours.org <sshah@nemours.org>

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|June 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Modern techniques for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) enable spinal derotation. This aims for true 3D correction, restoring coronal alignment, kyphosis, and reversing trunk rotation without rib removal surgery.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Spinal Surgery
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Idiopathic scoliosis is a complex 3D spinal deformity.
  • It involves coronal plane deviation, sagittal plane hypokyphosis, and transverse plane rotation.
  • This deformity affects the ribs and trunk, causing torsional asymmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the goals of vertebral derotation in treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
  • To achieve true three-dimensional correction of spinal deformity.
  • To reverse the torsional asymmetry induced by scoliosis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing pedicle screw fixation.
  • Employing modern spinal corrective techniques.
  • Focusing on vertebral derotation for scoliosis correction.

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Main Results:

  • Vertebral derotation can be accomplished with current surgical techniques.
  • Achieves optimal coronal correction and restores thoracic kyphosis.
  • Realigns thoracic torsion by addressing concavity and convex rib deformity.

Conclusions:

  • Modern surgical techniques allow for effective vertebral derotation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
  • This approach achieves comprehensive 3D spinal correction.
  • It corrects torsional asymmetry without necessitating thoracoplasty.