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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Pneumococcus Infection of Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Constant Flow
09:34

Pneumococcus Infection of Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Constant Flow

Published on: October 31, 2019

[Pneumococcal endocarditis in a previously healthy 17-month-old boy].

M Murillo Vallés1, S Cañadas Palazón, P Domínguez Sampedro

  • 1Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, España.

Anales De Pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003)
|June 23, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Invasive pneumococcal endocarditis is rare in healthy children. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified Streptococcus pneumoniae when cultures were negative, aiding diagnosis and treatment.

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Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling
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Published on: April 7, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Pneumococcus Infection of Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Constant Flow
09:34

Pneumococcus Infection of Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Constant Flow

Published on: October 31, 2019

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling
08:25

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Published on: April 7, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Invasive pneumococcal infection poses a significant health threat, with potential increases in incidence.
  • Pneumococcal endocarditis is an infrequent manifestation, especially in pediatric patients lacking traditional risk factors.

Observation:

  • A previously healthy, unvaccinated 17-month-old boy developed cardiorespiratory distress and a heart murmur during pneumonia treatment.
  • Transthoracic echocardiography revealed mitral valve vegetation, leading to a diagnosis of endocarditis.

Findings:

  • Despite negative blood cultures and initial antibiotic therapy, the patient's condition necessitated mitral valve replacement.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the pathological specimen confirmed Streptococcus pneumoniae as the causative agent.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering pneumococcal endocarditis in children, even without apparent risk factors.
  • PCR serves as a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying pathogens when conventional cultures yield negative results in invasive infections.