Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression

It is important to remember that ESCC is a complication of systemic malignancy and usually denotes disseminated disease with poor survival rates. Early diagnosis is crucial. The initial symptom is almost always back pain, which is local, radicular, or both. Following neurologic examination and radiography, MRI scanning or myelography/CT is immediately indicated if radiculopathy or myelopathy is present or if the radiographs of the spine are abnormal. In cancer patients with local back pain and normal findings on neurologic examination and radiography of the spine, there is still a probability of 0.1 of significant ESCC. Therefore, urgent CT/MRI scanning is justified. At present, the best treatment for ESCC remains unknown. In the majority of patients, radiotherapy is the most readily available and appropriate option because it is equal in effect to posterior decompressive laminectomy in both radiosensitive and radioresistant tumors. In patients with posterior epidural disease without tissue diagnosis, laminectomy with or without stabilization should be performed. Posterior decompressive laminectomy alone is contraindicated in patients with vertebral collapse. In selected instances of anterior epidural compression without tissue diagnosis or after failure of radiotherapy, an anterior surgical approach or synchronous vertebral decompression with posterior stabilization may be indicated. In the future, after appropriate clinical trials, vertebral body resection may be the optimal approach in de novo selected patients with ESCC with radioresistant tumors and limited systemic spread of the disease.