The HMGB1 acidic tail regulates HMGB1 DNA binding specificity by a unique mechanism

HMGB1 is a conserved chromosomal protein composed of two DNA-binding domains and an acidic C-terminal tail. There were evidences suggesting that the C-terminal tail contributed to the DNA binding specificity of the N-terminal DNA-binding domains. However, the mechanism underlining this observation is largely unknown. Our data first confirmed the previous study with NMR that showed a direct interaction between HMGB1's C-terminal tail and its N-terminal domains. We further demonstrated that this interaction can be competed more efficiently by a DNA with four-way junction structure than by a linear double-stranded DNA. Mutations within the N-terminal region, that disrupt its binding to the C-terminal tail, abolished HMGB1's ability to distinguish the linear DNA and the four-way junction DNA. Those data suggested a unique mechanism designed by nature that utilizes a protein's negatively charged C-terminal tail to enhance its DNA-binding domain's specificity to certain structured DNAs.