Testing for neuropsychological endophenotypes in siblings discordant for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
L Cinnamon Bidwell1, Erik G Willcutt, John C Defries
1Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA. lcb@colorado.edu
Background:
Neurocognitive deficits associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might be useful intermediate endophenotypes for determining specific genetic pathways that contribute to ADHD.
Methods:
This study administered 17 measures from prominent neuropsychological theories of ADHD (executive function, processing speed, arousal regulation and, motivation/delay aversion) in dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for ADHD and control twin pairs (ages 8-18 years) to compare performance between twins affected with ADHD (n = 266), their unaffected co-twins (n = 228), and control children from twin pairs without ADHD or learning difficulties (n = 332).
Results:
The ADHD subjects show significant impairment on executive function, processing speed, and response variability measures compared with control subjects. Unaffected co-twins of ADHD subjects are significantly impaired on nearly all the same measures as their ADHD siblings, even when subclinical symptoms of ADHD are controlled.
Conclusions:
Executive function, processing speed, and response variability deficits might be useful endophenotypes for genetic studies of ADHD.
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