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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

The hyperplantarflexion ankle fracture variant.

Michael J Gardner¹, Sreevathsa Boraiah, Keith D Hentel

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA. gardnerm@hss.edu

The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons

|June 26, 2007

Summary

This study identifies a unique ankle fracture pattern involving the posteromedial tibial rim, often missed in standard classifications. Early recognition and surgical fixation lead to good healing and functional outcomes in these unstable fractures.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Traumatology
Radiology

Background:

Ankle fractures present diverse patterns, some not fitting common classifications.
Variant fracture patterns pose challenges in recognizing pathology and achieving stable fixation.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a unique ankle fracture variant's morphology and ligamentous injuries.
To detail surgical treatment and evaluate short-term outcomes.
To identify potential mechanisms and prevalence of this fracture pattern.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 121 unstable ankle fractures over 2 years.
Identification of 7 patients with a specific constellation of injuries.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for ligamentous assessment.
Surgical treatment via open reduction and antiglide plate fixation.

Main Results:

A vertical shear fracture of the posteromedial tibial rim was the hallmark injury.
Six of seven patients also had a posterior malleolus fracture.
Deltoid and posterior tibiofibular ligaments remained intact in all cases.
All fractures healed within 2 months with no loss of reduction or fixation failure.
Average American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) lower extremity score was 79 at 8 months.

Conclusions:

This posteromedial ankle fracture variant, potentially occurring in up to 6% of cases, likely results from hyperplantarflexion.
Careful evaluation of unstable ankle fractures for posteromedial involvement is crucial for appropriate management.