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Related Concept Videos

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs01:23

Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs

Behavior genetics explores how genetic inheritance influences human behavior. It focuses on how genes, passed from parents to offspring, contribute to the development of behavioral traits and tendencies. This branch of genetics seeks to understand the complex interplay between inherited genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping our behaviors.
The primary methodologies used in behavior genetics include family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies, each providing unique...
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization
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Intergenerational exchange and perinatal risks: a note on interpretation of generational recurrence risks.

Rolv T Lie1

  • 1Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. rolv.lie@smis.uib.no

Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
|July 31, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Maternal and paternal factors uniquely influence pregnancy risks. Understanding these generational reproductive health contributions is key to assessing risks for conditions like pre-eclampsia and birth defects.

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Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization
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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Epidemiology
  • Perinatal Health
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Population-based generational data on reproductive health are available in Nordic countries.
  • Estimating recurrence risks for conditions like birth defects and pre-eclampsia is now possible.
  • Singleton pregnancy risks involve maternal, paternal, and fetal contributions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze how maternal and paternal contributions differ in reproductive health.
  • To illustrate how recurrence risks reflect underlying contributions to perinatal risk.
  • To review Norwegian data on gestational age, pre-eclampsia, and birth defects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of population-based reproductive health data from Nordic countries.
  • Analysis of generational recurrence risks for specific pregnancy conditions.
  • Examination of maternal and paternal genetic and environmental contributions.

Main Results:

  • Maternal contributions include genomic alleles, fetal environment, and mitochondria.
  • Paternal contribution is primarily through providing half of the fetus's alleles.
  • Recurrence risks differ fundamentally between mother-to-offspring and father-to-offspring transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal and paternal contributions to pregnancy outcomes are distinct.
  • Understanding these distinct contributions is crucial for assessing perinatal risks.
  • Generational data analysis provides insights into the inheritance of reproductive health conditions.