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Related Concept Videos

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...
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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis

Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These antibiotics are selectively...
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Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity
09:52

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Published on: March 16, 2018

Chloroquine ototoxicity.

Rodrigo Bortoli1, Mittermayer Santiago

  • 1Serviço de Reumatologia do Hospital Santa Izabel, Praça Conselheiro Almeida Couto, 500, Nazaré, Salvador, CEP, 40000-000, Bahia, Brazil.

Clinical Rheumatology
|June 28, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Chloroquine (CQ) can cause hearing loss and tinnitus. Early detection using brain-evoked response audiometry may allow for reversible treatment if the drug is stopped and therapy is initiated.

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pharmacology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Chloroquine (CQ), a 4-aminoquinoline, is used for rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue diseases.
  • CQ is known for retinal toxicity; ototoxicity is a suspected adverse effect.
  • Reported ototoxicity includes sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the ototoxic effects of chloroquine (CQ).
  • To discuss the diagnostic methods and potential reversibility of CQ-induced ototoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tools, particularly brain-evoked response audiometry.
  • Analysis of reported treatment strategies for CQ ototoxicity.

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The Mouse Round-window Approach for Ototoxic Agent Delivery: A Rapid and Reliable Technique for Inducing Cochlear Cell Degeneration
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The Mouse Round-window Approach for Ototoxic Agent Delivery: A Rapid and Reliable Technique for Inducing Cochlear Cell Degeneration

Published on: November 26, 2015

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians
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Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity
09:52

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Published on: March 16, 2018

The Mouse Round-window Approach for Ototoxic Agent Delivery: A Rapid and Reliable Technique for Inducing Cochlear Cell Degeneration
12:21

The Mouse Round-window Approach for Ototoxic Agent Delivery: A Rapid and Reliable Technique for Inducing Cochlear Cell Degeneration

Published on: November 26, 2015

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians
06:49

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians

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Main Results:

  • Ototoxicity from CQ can manifest as hearing loss, tinnitus, and vestibular dysfunction.
  • Both CQ and hydroxychloroquine have been linked to auditory system alterations.
  • Brain-evoked response audiometry is sensitive for detecting early, potentially reversible cochlear injury.

Conclusions:

  • CQ-induced ototoxicity is a significant concern, alongside its known retinal toxicity.
  • Early detection via brain-evoked response audiometry is crucial for potential intervention.
  • While debated, CQ ototoxicity might be reversible with prompt medication cessation and appropriate therapy, including steroids and plasma expanders.