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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery

Published on: June 2, 2022

[Anesthesia in pediatric neurosurgery].

Herbert Trautner¹, Franz Kehl, Martin Anetseder

¹Trautner_H@klinik.uni-wuerzburg.de

Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS

|July 4, 2007

Summary

Anesthesiology for pediatric neurosurgery requires specialized knowledge of both pediatric anesthesia and neurological conditions. This review covers critical aspects like airway management and monitoring for these complex cases.

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Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

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Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery

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Published on: June 2, 2022

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Published on: January 17, 2011

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Pediatric Neurology
Neurosurgery

Context:

Pediatric neurosurgical and neuroradiologic procedures present unique challenges for anesthesiologists.
Effective anesthetic management demands expertise in pediatric anesthesia and neurological pathophysiology.

Purpose:

To provide a detailed overview of anesthesiology in pediatric neurosurgery.
To emphasize key areas including airway management, intraoperative positioning, fluid management, and monitoring.

Summary:

This review details the anesthesiological considerations for pediatric neurosurgical and neuroradiologic interventions.
It highlights the need for specialized knowledge and covers critical management aspects such as airway, positioning, volume therapy, and monitoring.

Impact:

Aims to enhance the understanding and practice of anesthesiology in pediatric neurosurgery.
Provides a comprehensive resource for anesthesiologists managing young patients undergoing neurological procedures.