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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay
Published on: February 9, 2021
First total synthesis of protoapigenone and its analogues as potent cytotoxic agents
An-Shen Lin1, Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto, Fang-Rong Chang
1Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
Abstract:
Protoapigenone (1), isolated from Thelypteris torresiana, previously showed significant cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines. In a continued structure-activity relationship study, the first total synthesis and modification of 1 were achieved. All synthesized compounds and related intermediates were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines, HepG2, Hep3B, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and A549. Among them, 24 showed 2.2-14.2-fold greater cytotoxicity than 1 and naphthyl A-ring analogues remarkably enhanced the activity.
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