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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-sensitive FISH Detection of Locus-specific Ribosomal RNA Transcription in Drosophila melanogaster
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Structural diversity and evolution of the Rf-1 locus in the genus Oryza.

H Kato1, K Tezuka, Y Y Feng

  • 1Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita, Japan.

Heredity
|July 12, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The Rf-1 locus in rice, crucial for restoring fertility in cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) plants, exhibits complex structures due to gene duplication and recombination. These structural variations evolved early in rice, suggesting diverse functions for duplicated Rf-1 genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Molecular evolution
  • Agricultural science

Background:

  • The Rf-1 locus is vital for restoring fertility in rice plants with BT-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).
  • This locus contains multiple duplicated genes responsible for fertility restoration.
  • Understanding the structural diversity and evolution of the Rf-1 locus is agriculturally significant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the genomic structure of the Rf-1 locus across the genus Oryza.
  • To clarify the structural diversity and evolutionary history of the Rf-1 locus.
  • To investigate the conservation and potential divergence of duplicated Rf-1 genes.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic structure analysis of the Rf-1 locus in various Oryza species.
  • Identification of homologous genes (Rf-1A to Rf-1F) within the locus.
  • Comparative analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of duplicated genes and flanking regions.

Main Results:

  • Six homologous genes (Rf-1A to Rf-1F) were identified at the Rf-1 locus in AA genome Oryza species.
  • Rf-1 locus structures were highly complex, classified into at least six types across examined rice accessions.
  • Nucleotide sequences of duplicated genes and flanking regions were conserved, indicating homologous recombination as the driver of structural diversity.
  • Amino acid sequences of duplicated genes were conserved across species.

Conclusions:

  • Complex Rf-1 locus structures are common in independently evolved Oryza species, suggesting early ancestral gene duplication.
  • Homologous recombination played a key role in diversifying Rf-1 locus structures throughout rice evolution.
  • Conserved duplicated genes may possess divergent functions in controlling mitochondrial gene expression for CMS restoration.