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Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Self-Efficacy01:29

Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capacity to organize and execute actions necessary to manage prospective situations. This belief significantly influences how individuals approach goals, tasks, and challenges across different domains of life.Psychological and Educational ImpactsIndividuals with strong self-efficacy are more resilient in the face of difficulties. They are more likely to adopt effective problem-solving strategies, persist through obstacles, and regulate emotions such as...
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
Rotter's Locus of Control01:14

Rotter's Locus of Control

Julian Rotter introduced the concept of locus of control, a cognitive factor that significantly influences personality development and learning. Locus of control refers to an individual's beliefs about the extent of control they have over events in their lives. According to Rotter, this belief system can be categorized into two types: internal and external locus of control.
Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that their personal efforts and decisions directly affect their...
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Need for Self-Esteem01:27

Need for Self-Esteem

The human need for self-esteem has long intrigued psychologists, leading to the development of several theories that explore its evolutionary and functional significance. Among the most influential are the sociometer, hierometer, and terror management theories. Each offers a unique perspective on why people strive for self-worth and how it shapes behavior and social interaction.Sociometer TheoryAccording to sociometer theory, self-esteem functions as an internal gauge of social acceptance. It...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Development and psychometric testing of the relocation self-efficacy scale.

Eileen K Rossen1, Kenneth J Gruber

  • 1School of Human Environmental Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA. eileen_rossen@uncg.edu

Nursing Research
|July 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new Self-Efficacy Relocation Scale (SERS) helps identify older adults who may struggle with moving to independent living communities (ILCs). This tool can guide early interventions for better relocation adjustment and life satisfaction.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Psychology
  • Health Sciences

Background:

  • Increasing numbers of older adults are moving to independent living communities (ILCs).
  • Self-efficacy is a potential factor in facilitating successful relocation adjustment.
  • A validated instrument to measure relocation self-efficacy in older adults was previously unavailable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an instrument measuring older adults' self-efficacy for relocating to an ILC.
  • To assess the psychometric properties of the new scale.

Main Methods:

  • A 101-item instrument was developed based on literature and qualitative interviews.
  • Content validation by experts and reduction to 65 items.
  • Psychometric evaluation of the 32-item Self-Efficacy Relocation Scale (SERS) with 166 community-dwelling older adults planning an ILC move, including reliability and validity testing.

Main Results:

  • The final 32-item SERS has three factors: Engagement Efficacy, Daily Living Efficacy, and Transition Management Efficacy.
  • The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .97) and test-retest reliability.
  • Convergent validity was supported through correlations with measures of positive relationships and environmental mastery.

Conclusions:

  • The SERS may effectively identify older adults at risk for relocation adjustment difficulties.
  • Early identification can inform healthcare professionals to initiate interventions.
  • Further validation with diverse populations is recommended.