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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the translocon complex.
Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and 'exit' via the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry
05:39

Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

Published on: November 7, 2010

GLUT4 translocation: the last 200 nanometers.

Robert T Watson1, Jeffrey E Pessin

  • 1Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.

Cellular Signalling
|July 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Insulin controls blood sugar by moving glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface. This study suggests insulin acts on the plasma membrane to control GLUT4 vesicle docking and fusion, impacting glucose uptake.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Molecular Endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin is crucial for regulating blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in muscle and fat tissues.
  • Defects in insulin signaling contribute to hyperglycemia and increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • Insulin-mediated glucose uptake occurs via the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distal mechanisms by which insulin signaling regulates GLUT4 translocation.
  • To investigate the role of the plasma membrane in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 recruitment.
  • To identify key molecular targets involved in GLUT4 vesicle docking and fusion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced biochemical assays and novel imaging techniques.

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Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors
10:23

Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

Published on: July 31, 2014

Detection of Detergent-sensitive Interactions Between Membrane Proteins
10:09

Detection of Detergent-sensitive Interactions Between Membrane Proteins

Published on: March 7, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry
05:39

Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

Published on: November 7, 2010

Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors
10:23

Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

Published on: July 31, 2014

Detection of Detergent-sensitive Interactions Between Membrane Proteins
10:09

Detection of Detergent-sensitive Interactions Between Membrane Proteins

Published on: March 7, 2018

  • Focused on analyzing insulin's effects at the plasma membrane level.
  • Investigated the regulation of GLUT4-containing vesicle trafficking.

    • Main Results:

    • Evidence suggests insulin directly regulates the docking and/or fusion of GLUT4-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane.
    • The plasma membrane is identified as a critical site for insulin's action on GLUT4 translocation.
    • The precise molecular players mediating this process remain to be fully identified.

    Conclusions:

    • Insulin's action on GLUT4 translocation involves specific regulation of vesicle-plasma membrane interactions.
    • Future research will concentrate on identifying the molecular targets responsible for regulating GLUT4 vesicle docking and fusion.
    • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for developing new therapeutic strategies for diabetes.