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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations01:15

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations

Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
11:17

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses

Published on: August 30, 2018

Optimising piperacillin/tazobactam dosing in paediatrics.

Christoffer W Tornøe1, Jeffrey J Tworzyanski, Menfo A Imoisili

  • 1Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. christoffer.tornoe@fda.hhs.gov

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
|July 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Piperacillin/tazobactam dosing for children aged 2 months to 17 years is now recommended based on weight and age. Doses are adjusted for younger children (2-9 months) due to immature renal function, ensuring safe and effective antibacterial treatment.

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Published on: January 2, 2017

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
11:17

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses

Published on: August 30, 2018

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii
09:17

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii

Published on: January 2, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Piperacillin/tazobactam is an intravenous antibacterial agent.
  • Recent US approval for pediatric use (2 months to 17 years).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the pharmacokinetic basis for piperacillin/tazobactam dosing recommendations in pediatric patients.
  • To define optimal dosing strategies for children aged 2 months to 17 years.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and demographic covariates from 53 children in two studies.
  • Non-linear regression used to investigate the influence of covariates on drug clearance (CL).
  • Population PK analysis and simulations compared pediatric exposures to adult exposures.

Main Results:

  • Piperacillin/tazobactam clearance (CL) is dependent on body weight.
  • CL is influenced by age in pediatric patients ≤2 years, reflecting renal function maturation.
  • Recommended dose for children ≥9 months: 100/12.5 mg/kg every 8 hours for adult-similar exposures.
  • Recommended dose for children 2-9 months: 80/10 mg/kg every 8 hours (reduced by 0.8).

Conclusions:

  • Established dosing recommendations for piperacillin/tazobactam in pediatric patients down to 2 months of age.
  • Dosing adjustments in younger children account for immature renal function.
  • No data available for patients younger than 2 months.