Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identifying patients at high risk of decompensated liver disease through unscheduled care attendance data: a retrospective cohort study.

BMC gastroenterology·2026
Same author

Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and risk of preterm birth: a collaboration using large routine health datasets.

BMC medicine·2024
Same author

The societal economic impact of vision impairment in adults 40 years and above: findings from the National Eye Survey of Trinidad and Tobago.

Eye (London, England)·2023
Same author

The relationship between timing of onset of menarche and depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood.

Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences·2023
Same author

Antimicrobial usage in farm animal practices in the UK: A mixed-methods approach.

Preventive veterinary medicine·2023
Same author

Frailty Status as a Novel Risk Stratification Tool in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis.

The Journal of frailty & aging·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria
06:38

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria

Published on: December 8, 2023

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever.

A Fraser1, E Goldberg, C J Acosta

  • 1University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Department of Social Medicine, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, UK, BS8 2PR. abigail.fraser@bristol.ac.uk

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|July 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The licensed Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide vaccines are effective for preventing typhoid fever. The new Vi-rEPA vaccine shows similar efficacy and may offer longer-lasting protection.

More Related Videos

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay
06:11

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Published on: February 27, 2019

Measuring Growth and Gene Expression Dynamics of Tumor-Targeted S. Typhimurium Bacteria
08:11

Measuring Growth and Gene Expression Dynamics of Tumor-Targeted S. Typhimurium Bacteria

Published on: July 6, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria
06:38

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria

Published on: December 8, 2023

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay
06:11

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Published on: February 27, 2019

Measuring Growth and Gene Expression Dynamics of Tumor-Targeted S. Typhimurium Bacteria
08:11

Measuring Growth and Gene Expression Dynamics of Tumor-Targeted S. Typhimurium Bacteria

Published on: July 6, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Two typhoid vaccines, oral Ty21a and parenteral Vi polysaccharide, are available but not routinely used.
  • Development of new typhoid vaccines, such as the conjugated Vi-rEPA vaccine, is ongoing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of available and developing typhoid fever vaccines.
  • To compare the effectiveness and safety of different typhoid vaccine formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials.
  • Searched multiple databases including Cochrane, MEDLINE, and EMBASE up to December 2006.
  • Extracted efficacy and adverse event data, calculating relative risks and confidence intervals.

Main Results:

  • Ty21a (3 doses) showed cumulative 3-year efficacy of 48% (95% CI 34% to 58%) with no significant increase in adverse events.
  • Vi polysaccharide (1 dose) demonstrated 3-year cumulative efficacy of 55% (95% CI 30% to 70%), with local swelling as a more common adverse event.
  • Vi-rEPA (2 doses) exhibited high efficacy, with 89% (95% CI 76% to 97%) cumulative protection at 3.8 years, and fever as the most frequent adverse event.

Conclusions:

  • Both licensed Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide vaccines are efficacious in preventing typhoid fever.
  • The unlicensed Vi-rEPA vaccine is comparably efficacious and may provide extended immunity.