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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by anesthetizing...
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
Pneumonia IV: Management01:28

Pneumonia IV: Management

The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii
09:17

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii

Published on: January 2, 2017

Delayed antibiotics for respiratory infections.

G K P Spurling1, C B Del Mar, L Dooley

  • 1University of Queensland, Discipline of General Practice, Level 2, Edith Cavell Building, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4029. geoffspurling@optusnet.com.au

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|July 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Delaying antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory infections reduces antibiotic use but may lower patient satisfaction. For most clinical outcomes, delayed antibiotics show no significant difference compared to immediate or no antibiotic use.

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Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases
03:22

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Published on: March 1, 2024

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii
09:17

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii

Published on: January 2, 2017

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases
03:22

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • General Practice
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) has modest benefits but carries risks like adverse reactions and resistance.
  • Strategies to reduce antibiotic prescribing, such as delayed antibiotic prescriptions, are being explored.
  • Delayed prescribing involves providing a prescription with instructions to delay use for over 48 hours, aiming for symptom resolution before antibiotic initiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical outcomes, antibiotic use, and patient satisfaction associated with delayed antibiotic prescribing for ARTIs.
  • To compare delayed antibiotics against immediate antibiotic use and no antibiotic treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  • Searched major databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Current Contents.
  • Included RCTs comparing delayed antibiotics with immediate or no antibiotics in patients of all ages with ARTIs.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in most clinical outcomes between delayed, immediate, and no antibiotic strategies.
  • Immediate antibiotics showed some benefit for fever, pain, and malaise in acute otitis media and sore throat, but not consistently.
  • Delayed prescribing significantly reduced antibiotic use but led to decreased patient satisfaction in some trials.
  • No significant difference in symptom resolution or patient satisfaction was observed when comparing delayed antibiotics to no antibiotics for bronchitis and sore throat.

Conclusions:

  • Delayed antibiotic prescribing reduces overall antibiotic consumption for ARTIs.
  • For most clinical outcomes, delayed antibiotics offer little advantage over immediate or no antibiotic use.
  • Immediate antibiotics may offer better clinical outcomes for sore throat and acute otitis media.
  • Delaying antibiotics can negatively impact patient satisfaction in some cases.