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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Signs of Puberty01:27

Signs of Puberty

Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

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Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...
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Gonadal and Placental Hormones

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
09:02

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

Published on: February 15, 2018

Estrogens and growth: review.

Andrei S Chagin1, Lars Sävendahl

  • 1Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. andrei.chagin@ki.se

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER
|July 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Estrogen is crucial for pubertal bone growth and growth plate fusion in humans. Further research is needed to understand the role of estrogen receptor beta and develop targeted therapies for growth modulation.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Longitudinal bone growth is a complex process involving chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and mineralization within the growth plate.
  • Hormones and growth factors regulate bone growth both systemically and locally.
  • Estrogen signaling, particularly through estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha), is essential for normal pubertal bone growth and growth plate fusion in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) in the human growth plate.
  • To explore the potential of novel estrogen receptor modulators for therapeutic applications in modulating longitudinal bone growth and growth plate fusion.
  • To highlight the limitations of animal models and the need for human-specific research.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
09:02

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

Published on: February 15, 2018

  • Analysis of data from individuals with aromatase deficiency.
  • Examination of a patient with defective estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha).
  • Review of existing literature on estrogen action in bone growth.

Main Results:

  • Estrogen action via ER-alpha is indispensable for human pubertal growth and growth plate fusion.
  • The functional role of ERbeta in the human growth plate remains undefined.
  • Species differences complicate the extrapolation of animal study data to human physiology.

Conclusions:

  • Estrogen plays a critical role in human longitudinal bone growth and growth plate fusion.
  • Targeting estrogen receptors offers potential therapeutic avenues for growth modulation.
  • Human-specific models are necessary for accurate research into growth plate cartilage biology and the function of ERbeta.