Molecular docking and spatial coarse graining simulations as tools to investigate substrate recognition, enhancer...

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an heme-containing enzyme involved in the regulation of important immunological responses and neurological processes. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the pyrrole ring of the indole nucleus of tryptophan (Trp) to yield N-formylkynurenine, that is the initial and rate limiting step of the kynurenine pathway. Some indole derivatives have been reported to act as effectors of the enzyme by enhancing its catalytic activity. On the basis of the recent availability of the crystal structure of IDO, in this work we investigate substrate recognition and enhancer binding to IDO using molecular docking experiments. In addition, conformational transitions of IDO in response to substrate and enhancer binding are studied using coarse graining simulations with the program FIRST. The results enable us to identify (i) the binding site of enhancer modulators; (ii) the motion of an electrostatic gate that regulates the access of the substrate to the catalytic site of the enzyme; (iii) the movement of the anchoring region of a hairpin loop that may assist the shuttle of substrates/products to/from the catalytic site of IDO. These data, combined with available site-directed mutagenesis experiments, reveal that conformational transitions of IDO in response to substrate and enhancer binding are controlled by distinct combination of two conformational states (open and close) of the above structural motifs. On this basis, a molecular mechanism regarding substrate recognition and activity enhancement by indole derivatives is proposed.