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Related Concept Videos

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C (97–99°F), remaining relatively stable...
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Preclinical Model of Exertional Heat Stroke in Mice
08:22

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Published on: July 1, 2021

Exertional heat illness and human gene expression.

Larry A Sonna1, Michael N Sawka, Craig M Lilly

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. larry_sonna@yahoo.com

Progress in Brain Research
|July 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Gene expression analysis reveals overlapping cellular responses to heat shock, exercise, and exertional heat illness. Understanding these component responses may improve identification of at-risk individuals and guide therapeutic interventions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Exertional heat illness (EHI) involves complex physiological responses to heat and physical exertion.
  • Microarray gene expression studies offer insights into cellular reactions during heat stress and exercise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare gene expression patterns from in vitro heat shock and in vivo exercise/EHI studies.
  • To elucidate overlapping and disease-specific cellular responses in exertional hyperthermia.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized microarray analysis to examine RNA gene expression.
  • Compared data from in vitro heat-shocked human cells with in vivo samples from exercising individuals and those with exertional heat injury.

Main Results:

  • Identified overlapping gene expression changes attributable to heat, exercise, or both.
  • Observed distinct gene expression patterns specific to the exertional heat illness state.

Conclusions:

  • Component responses to heat and exercise contribute to gene expression changes in EHI.
  • Further research could refine understanding of adaptive/pathological responses and identify therapeutic targets for EHI.