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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...

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Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma
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Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma

Published on: October 14, 2016

Pediatric oncology.

Raushan T Kurmasheva1, Peter J Houghton

  • 1Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, United States.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|July 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Cytotoxic agents improve childhood cancer survival but cause toxicities and secondary cancers. New targeted therapies aim for tumor selectivity, offering less toxic, effective pediatric cancer treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Cancer Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Multimodality therapy with cytotoxic agents achieves high survival rates (nearly 80% five-year disease-free survival) in childhood cancer.
  • Significant toxicities (acute and delayed) and increased secondary cancer risk are major drawbacks of current intensive therapies.
  • Advances in understanding childhood cancer genetics are enabling the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and future strategies for developing tumor-selective therapies in pediatric oncology.
  • To discuss targeted agents inhibiting dysregulated signaling pathways in pediatric leukemias and solid/brain tumors.
  • To highlight challenges in creating less toxic yet equally effective treatments for pediatric cancers.

Main Methods:

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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

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09:25

Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma

Published on: October 14, 2016

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

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  • Review of current literature on targeted therapy in pediatric oncology.
  • Analysis of genetic alterations driving childhood cancers (leukemias, solid/brain tumors).
  • Discussion of specific signaling pathway inhibitors (e.g., FLT3, NOTCH1, ErbB1-4, IGF-IR, PTCH1).

Main Results:

  • Targeted therapies are being developed to inhibit specific molecular pathways crucial for cancer cell growth.
  • Inhibitors targeting FLT3 and NOTCH1 for leukemias, and ErbB1-4, IGF-IR, PTCH1 for solid/brain tumors show promise.
  • The development of these targeted agents aims to reduce the severe toxicities associated with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted therapies represent a rational approach to developing more effective and less toxic treatments for pediatric cancers.
  • Overcoming challenges in pediatric drug development is crucial for translating targeted strategies into clinical practice.
  • Future research should focus on optimizing tumor selectivity and minimizing long-term adverse effects in childhood cancer survivors.