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What is Cell Signaling?02:03

What is Cell Signaling?

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions
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Oscillations and temporal signalling in cells.

G Tiana1, S Krishna, S Pigolotti

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Milano and INFN, Milano, Italy.

Physical Biology
|August 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene expression and protein concentration oscillations are common in cells. A negative feedback loop with time delay is the core mechanism driving these ultradian rhythms in development, apoptosis, and immune responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Quantitative measurement techniques reveal oscillations in cellular protein concentrations.
  • Gene expression and protein level fluctuations are critical in various biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms generating gene expression and protein concentration oscillations.
  • To analyze ultradian oscillations in three key eukaryotic genetic regulatory networks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a framework of simple mathematical models.
  • Focused on analyzing genetic regulatory networks involved in development, apoptosis, and immune response.

Main Results:

  • Identified common design principles underlying oscillations in different biological systems.
  • Highlighted the role of negative feedback loops with time delays in generating ultradian rhythms.

Conclusions:

  • A conserved mechanism involving negative feedback with time delay drives ultradian oscillations.
  • This fundamental design is present in diverse cellular processes including development, apoptosis, and immune response.