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Related Concept Videos

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals
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Published on: May 25, 2016

Dissolution and re-crystallization processes in multiphase silicon stabilized tricalcium phosphate.

Loughlin Tuck1, Roope Astala, Joel W Reid

  • 1Department of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine
|August 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Ultrasonic treatment transforms silicon-tricalcium phosphate powders into oriented apatite crystals. This process is driven by surface interactions with water, influenced by ion concentrations and leading to crystal growth.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Multiphase silicon stabilized tricalcium phosphate (Si-TCP) is a biomaterial with potential applications.
  • Understanding its transformation in aqueous environments is crucial for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ultrasonically accelerated dissolution and transformation of Si-TCP powders.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms driving crystal growth and orientation.

Main Methods:

  • Ultrasonic treatment of Si-TCP in water and Earle's balanced salt solution.
  • Analysis of crystal morphology and orientation (c-axis (001)).
  • First principles calculations of hydroxyapatite surface energies.

Main Results:

  • Transformation into needle-like, calcium-deficient apatite crystals with c-axis (001) orientation.
  • Ion exchange occurs rapidly within the first hours.
  • Transformation driven by surface-adsorbed water and influenced by ion concentrations.
  • Calculations confirm surface energy minimization as the growth driver.
  • Calcium loss compensated by proton addition is energetically favored.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrasonic acceleration facilitates rapid transformation of Si-TCP to oriented apatite.
  • Surface energy and ion concentration dictate crystallite morphology and orientation.
  • Silicon at grain boundaries may enhance the transformation rate.