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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
Published on: September 27, 2020
Intellectual disability (mental retardation) in children and adolescents
Helen D Pratt1, Donald E Greydanus
1Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Pediatrics Program, MSU/Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-1284, USA. pratt@kcms.msu.edu
Abstract:
Mental retardation or MR (current term, intellectual disability [ID]) is a label used to describe a constellation of symptoms that includes severe deficits or limitations in an individual's developmental skills in several areas or domains of function: cognitive, language, motor, auditory, psychosocial, moral judgment, and specific integrative adaptive (ie, activities of daily living). This article reviews concepts of ID in children and adolescents useful for the primary care clinician who cares for these individuals. The majority of youth with ID can live independent or semi-independent lives as adults if they have received the appropriate personalized support over a sustained period of their lives, especially during the formative years.
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