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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

Diphtheria

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

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Published on: February 22, 2019

What is new in pertussis?

Ellen S Bamberger¹, Isaac Srugo

¹Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. esbamberger@yahoo.com

European Journal of Pediatrics

|August 2, 2007

Summary

Pertussis (whooping cough) is resurging globally, shifting from children to adolescents and adults. Waning immunity and improved diagnostics contribute, necessitating updated vaccination strategies to protect vulnerable infants.

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Epidemiology
Vaccinology

Background:

Global resurgence of *Bordetella pertussis* (pertussis) infection observed over the past 15 years, despite high vaccination rates.
Shift in pertussis incidence from childhood to adolescents and adults, with significant increases noted in individuals aged 10-19 and over 20 years.
Adolescents and adults are key transmitters of pertussis to vulnerable neonates and infants, who face high morbidity and mortality risks.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the changing epidemiology of pertussis.
To identify factors contributing to the resurgence of pertussis.
To propose strategies for improved pertussis control and prevention.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological data, including Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports.

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Analysis of factors such as waning immunity and advancements in diagnostic techniques (e.g., PCR assays).

Evaluation of current and proposed vaccination strategies.

Main Results:

Significant increase in pertussis cases among adolescents and adults.
Waning immunity identified as a major factor in disease incidence.
Improved molecular diagnostic techniques (PCR) enhance laboratory diagnosis.

Conclusions:

Expanded vaccination strategies, including universal adolescent and targeted adult immunization (especially healthcare workers, childcare providers, and parents), are crucial.
Increased physician awareness of the pertussis problem is needed.
Standardization of diagnostic techniques and implementation of new vaccine strategies are essential for effective pertussis control.