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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

The nonthyroidal illness syndrome.

Suzanne Myers Adler1, Leonard Wartofsky

  • 1Department of Medicine, Washington Hospital Center, and Georgetown University School of Medicine, Building D, Suite 232, 4000 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20007, USA. adlers@georgetown.edu

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|August 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This article reviews thyroid function changes in sick euthyroid syndrome and adaptations to illness or drugs. It also discusses using thyroid hormone therapy for nonthyroidal illness.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) involves altered thyroid hormone levels in non-thyroidal illnesses.
  • Thyroid function tests can be misleading in critically ill patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize thyroid function alterations in ESS.
  • To provide an overview of thyroid adaptations in various clinical conditions and with specific drugs.
  • To discuss the controversy surrounding thyroid hormone treatment in nonthyroidal illness.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of thyroid function in ESS.
  • Summary of thyroidal adaptations during clinical conditions.
  • Discussion of pharmacologic effects on thyroid function.
  • Analysis of current controversies in thyroid hormone treatment for nonthyroidal illness.

Main Results:

  • ESS is characterized by specific patterns of thyroid hormone level changes.
  • Clinical conditions and certain medications induce distinct thyroidal adaptations.
  • The efficacy and risks of thyroid hormone treatment in nonthyroidal illness remain debated.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding thyroid function alterations in ESS is crucial for patient management.
  • Thyroidal adaptations are complex and influenced by various factors.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of thyroid hormone therapy in nonthyroidal illness.