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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

Development of the declarative memory system in the human brain.

Noa Ofen1, Yun-Ching Kao, Peter Sokol-Hessner

  • 1Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, Building 420, Stanford, California 94305, USA. noa@mit.edu

Nature Neuroscience
|August 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Brain development in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) continues into adulthood, enhancing memory for detailed experiences. Medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions mature earlier, showing less age-related change in memory formation.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Published on: April 28, 2016

Combined Mechanical and Enzymatic Dissociation of Mouse Brain Hippocampal Tissue
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Published on: October 21, 2021

Longitudinal Two-Photon Imaging of Dorsal Hippocampal CA1 in Live Mice
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Published on: June 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Memory formation involves medial temporal lobe (MTL) and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in adults.
  • Developmental trajectories of these memory-related brain regions in children are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental changes in brain regions supporting memory formation in children and adults.
  • To examine the relationship between brain maturation, memory performance, and structural changes in MTL and PFC.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study 49 participants (ages 8-24) during a scene-encoding task.
  • Recognition memory performance was assessed.
  • Voxel-based morphometry was employed to analyze gray matter volume.

Main Results:

  • Recognition memory for vividly recollected scenes improved with age.
  • Greater activation in MTL and PFC for subsequently remembered scenes, with age-related increases in specific PFC regions.
  • PFC, but not MTL, activation correlated with memory development; PFC gray matter volume decreased with age.

Conclusions:

  • The prefrontal cortex (PFC) shows a prolonged maturational trajectory critical for detailed memory formation.
  • Developmental changes in PFC structure and function contribute to enhanced memory for experiences throughout adolescence and into early adulthood.