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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Technique and Considerations in the Use of 4x1 Ring High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS)

Technique and Considerations in the Use of 4x1 Ring High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS)

Published on: July 14, 2013

Pathophysiology of TRALI: current concepts.

¹Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Langhansstr. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany. ulrich.sachs@med.uni-giessen.de

Intensive Care Medicine

|November 2, 2007

Summary

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a fatal complication of blood transfusion. Current evidence supports immediate preventive measures for immune TRALI, while non-immune TRALI requires further research.

Area of Science:

Hematology
Immunology
Critical Care Medicine

Background:

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a leading cause of transfusion fatalities in the US and UK.
TRALI shares clinical definitions with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but is directly linked to blood transfusions.
Two primary mechanisms, leuko-agglutination and a two-event lipid model, are proposed for TRALI pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the pathophysiology of TRALI, including immune and non-immune mechanisms.
To examine unresolved questions regarding TRALI, such as the role of HLA class-II antibodies and endothelial participation.
To discuss preventive strategies for both immune and non-immune TRALI.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing clinical and experimental data on TRALI.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Technique and Considerations in the Use of 4x1 Ring High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS)

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Published on: July 14, 2013

Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Device Development: An Updated Protocol Used at Home in Healthy Subjects and Fibromyalgia Patients

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Discussion of proposed pathophysiological pathways, including granulocyte activation.

Analysis of the clinical relevance of different TRALI mechanisms.

Main Results:

Immune TRALI involves leukocyte antibodies, while non-immune TRALI may involve lipids accumulating during storage.
Granulocyte activation is an emerging common pathway in TRALI.
Further data are needed for non-immune TRALI, but preventive measures for immune TRALI are recommended.

Conclusions:

Immediate preventive measures against transfusing blood products with leukocyte antibodies are crucial for immune TRALI.
Further clinical and experimental research is necessary to establish recommendations for non-immune TRALI.
Understanding TRALI pathophysiology is essential for improving transfusion safety and patient outcomes.