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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Published on: November 14, 2018

Predictive tracking over occlusions by 4-month-old infants.

Claes von Hofsten¹, Olga Kochukhova, Kerstin Rosander

¹Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden. Claes.von_Hofsten@psyk.uu.se

Developmental Science

|August 9, 2007

Summary

Infants visually track objects by predicting their motion, not just by time or visual cues. This predictive tracking, or

Area of Science:

Developmental Psychology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Infant Perception

Background:

Infants' ability to visually track objects is crucial for understanding their environment.
Predictive eye movements, or saccades, are essential for maintaining continuous visual contact with moving objects.
Previous research has explored infant object tracking, but the underlying predictive mechanisms at occluders remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the principles governing infants' predictive gaze shifts towards an occluded object's trajectory.
To differentiate between time-based, visual salience-based, memory-based, and cognitive-based predictive tracking in infants.
To determine if infants mentally represent object motion during occlusion.

Main Methods:

Two experiments involved 16-20-week-old infants visually tracking a horizontally oscillating object passing behind a central occluder.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

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Occluder width, oscillation frequency, and motion amplitude were systematically manipulated to vary occlusion durations (0.20–1.66 s).

Infant eye and head movements, along with object motion, were recorded at 240 Hz to analyze gaze shift latencies and predictive behaviors.

Main Results:

Infants (49% of passages) exhibited predictive gaze shifts to the occluder's exit side before object reappearance.
Predictive gaze shifts were not solely explained by time since disappearance or occluder width.
The latency of pre-reappearance gaze shifts was significantly influenced by the time of object reappearance and all manipulated factors (duration, frequency, amplitude).

Conclusions:

Infants' predictive gaze shifts suggest an active cognitive representation of the occluded object's motion.
The findings support the hypothesis that infants mentally track object velocity during occlusion.
This indicates sophisticated cognitive abilities in young infants for predicting object trajectories.