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LTR Retrotransposons

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

A yeast model for target-primed (non-LTR) retrotransposition.

Timothy J D Goodwin¹, Jason N Busby, Russell T M Poulter

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. timg@sanger.otago.ac.nz

|August 9, 2007

Summary

Researchers developed a novel yeast model to study target-primed retrotransposons, like the human L1 element. This system facilitates understanding mobile genetic element replication and its impact on genomes.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Genomics

Background:

Target-primed retrotransposons (non-LTR) are mobile genetic elements prevalent in eukaryotic genomes.
Their high copy numbers and retrotransposition activity can lead to mutations and genomic rearrangements.
Key aspects of target-primed retrotransposon replication remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish a yeast model system for studying target-primed retrotransposons.
To investigate the replication mechanisms of the Zorro3 element from Candida albicans.
To enable analysis of mutations affecting retrotransposition.

Main Methods:

Development of a yeast model using the Zorro3 element from Candida albicans.
Tagging the Zorro3 element with a retrotransposition indicator gene.
Introduction of the tagged element into a suitable C. albicans host strain for analysis.

Main Results:

The tagged Zorro3 element demonstrated high-frequency retrotransposition in the yeast model.
Retrotransposed copies mirrored native element features, indicating natural pathway usage.
Retrotransposition was dependent on element gene products and temperature-regulated.

Conclusions:

The Zorro3 yeast retrotransposition assay complements existing methods for studying target-primed elements.
The system's simplicity in yeast facilitates research on retrotransposition.
This model system is expected to advance understanding of target-primed retrotransposition mechanisms.