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Neuro MR: principles.

Timothy P L Roberts1, David Mikulis

  • 1Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|August 10, 2007
PubMed
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This review explains MRI contrast mechanisms and fast pulse sequences like spin-echo and echo planar imaging. It covers relaxation times, gadolinium contrast, and advanced techniques for neurological imaging.

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) relies on fundamental principles of physics to generate diagnostic images.
  • Understanding contrast mechanisms and pulse sequences is crucial for optimizing MRI protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the core principles of MRI contrast mechanisms and fast pulse sequences.
  • To provide a foundation for understanding advanced MRI applications in neurology and neuroradiology.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of relaxation time constants (T1, T2, T2*) and their role in contrast generation.
  • Introduction to various pulse sequences: spin-echo, fast spin echo (FSE), inversion recovery (IR), gradient recalled echo (GRE), and echo planar imaging (EPI).
  • Explanation of gadolinium-based contrast agents and their use in T1- and T2*-weighted imaging.

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Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of how different pulse sequences exploit relaxation times for contrast.
  • Analysis of tradeoffs between imaging speed and quality, especially with long echo train sequences (FSE, EPI).
  • Exploration of T2* sensitivity for artifact and contrast (perfusion, SWI, BOLD imaging) and diffusion contrast.

Conclusions:

  • The principles discussed form the basis for designing specific MRI protocols for clinical neurological and neuroradiological applications.
  • This review serves as a foundational component for a subsequent part focusing on disease-specific protocols.