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Inflammation

Inflammation

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...

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On-Chip Endothelial Inflammatory Phenotyping

On-Chip Endothelial Inflammatory Phenotyping

Published on: July 21, 2012

Relation between hypercholesterolaemia and vascular endothelial microinflammation.

A S Elwakkad¹, S I Mohamed, M Fathalla

¹Department of Medical Physiology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. amanyse@hotmail.com

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Sante De La Mediterranee Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit

|August 11, 2007

Summary

High cholesterol levels are linked to increased oxidative stress and inflammation in blood vessels. This study shows hypercholesterolaemia contributes to endothelial dysfunction, a precursor to cardiovascular disease.

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cardiovascular Medicine
Immunology

Background:

Hypercholesterolaemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in endothelial damage.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the correlation between hypercholesterolaemia and oxidative stress markers.
To assess endothelial cell activation using P-selectin and interleukin-6 (IL-6).
To explore the relationship between these markers and cholesterol levels.

Main Methods:

Study included 40 Egyptian adults with asymptomatic hypercholesterolaemia and 20 controls.
Measured lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity.
Assessed levels of P-selectin and IL-6 as indicators of endothelial status.

Main Results:

Significantly higher lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in the hypercholesterolaemia group (P < 0.001).
Positive correlation between lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity, and cholesterol/LDL levels (P < 0.001).
Significantly elevated P-selectin and IL-6 levels in the study group (P < 0.001), correlating with cholesterol/LDL.

Conclusions:

Hypercholesterolaemia induces endothelial microinflammation.
P-selectin and IL-6 are elevated in hypercholesterolaemia, suggesting their role in endothelial dysfunction.
These markers may represent additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in hypercholesterolaemic individuals.