Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
Published on: April 12, 2011
Robert M Rush1, Randy Kjorstad, Benjamin W Starnes
1Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA.
The Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) effectively predicts amputation in combat casualties. A MESS score over 7 indicates a high likelihood of limb amputation on the battlefield.
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