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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
The Blood-brain Barrier00:49

The Blood-brain Barrier

Overview
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Related Experiment Video

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Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice
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Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice

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Hypoxia in the central nervous system.

Joseph C LaManna1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4930 USA. joseph.lamanna@case.edu

Essays in Biochemistry
|August 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The brain adapts to low oxygen (hypoxia) using hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, which triggers adaptive mechanisms. These changes, including blood vessel growth, are reversible but can be impaired by aging or disease.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The brain requires significant oxygen for its high energy demands.
  • The brain has adaptive mechanisms to cope with low oxygen (hypoxia) due to oxygen's toxicity.
  • These adaptations involve metabolic and vascular processes regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the brain's adaptive responses to hypoxia.
  • To understand the role of HIF-1 in mediating these responses.
  • To investigate the reversibility and potential impairments of these adaptations.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of brain adaptation to hypoxia.
  • It examines the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 in mediating these responses.

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Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence
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Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

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Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
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Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

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  • The research considers the time course of adaptive changes and their reversibility.

    • Main Results:

    • The brain activates acute and chronic adaptive mechanisms in response to mild hypoxia.
    • Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 mediates systemic and central metabolic and vascular processes.
    • HIF-1-mediated cerebral angiogenesis occurs within 3 weeks and is reversible upon restoration of normal oxygen levels (normoxia).

    Conclusions:

    • The brain possesses robust, HIF-1-dependent mechanisms for adapting to hypoxic conditions.
    • Cerebral angiogenesis induced by hypoxia is a dynamic and reversible process.
    • Aging and diseases like metabolic or vascular conditions can significantly impair these crucial hypoxic acclimatizing responses.