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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid hormone levels in term and preterm neonates.

Neonatal Network : NN

|August 23, 2007

Summary

Early screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is vital for infant health. Prompt detection and treatment in newborns prevent intellectual disability, emphasizing proper blood sample collection and monitoring preterm infants

Area of Science:

Neonatal Medicine
Endocrinology
Pediatrics

Background:

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) screening in newborns is crucial for early identification.
Neonatal screening programs have significantly reduced mental retardation associated with CH through timely intervention.
Accurate blood collection techniques are essential for valid metabolic screening filter paper results.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the importance of neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH).
To emphasize the critical role of nurses in obtaining valid blood samples for CH screening.
To underscore the need for careful monitoring of thyroid levels in preterm infants.

Main Methods:

Review of established neonatal screening protocols for CH.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Published on: December 31, 2015

Analysis of factors influencing thyroid hormone levels in preterm infants.

Discussion of follow-up testing and treatment strategies for CH.

Main Results:

Early detection and treatment of CH through neonatal screening prevent intellectual disability.
Thyroid levels are typically decreased in preterm infants, necessitating close follow-up.
Normal thyroid levels may be restored in preterm infants, often requiring eventual treatment.

Conclusions:

Effective CH screening relies on proper blood sample collection by nurses.
Close monitoring and timely follow-up of thyroid levels in preterm infants are essential.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment are key to preventing developmental issues in infants with CH.