Alarmins initiate host defense

In response to infection and/or tissue injury, cells of the host innate immune system rapidly produce a variety of structurally distinct mediators (we elect to call alarmins) that not only function as potent effectors of innate defense but also act to alarm the immune system by promoting the recruitment and activation of host leukocytes through interaction with distinct receptors. Alarmins are capable of activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and enhancing the development of antigen-specific immune responses. Here, we discuss the characteristics of several alarmins, a variety of potential alarmin candidates and potential implications of alarmins.