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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic aliphatic amines show...
Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...
Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...
Amebiasis01:28

Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...

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Automated Multimodal Stimulation and Simultaneous Neuronal Recording from Multiple Small Organisms
08:28

Automated Multimodal Stimulation and Simultaneous Neuronal Recording from Multiple Small Organisms

Published on: March 3, 2023

[Amusia].

Akira Midorikawa1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Chuo University, 742-1 Higashi-Nakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|August 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amusia, a condition affecting musical ability, is poorly defined, encompassing both acquired brain damage and developmental disorders. Further research is needed to understand its evolutionary role.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Music Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Context:

  • Amusia, the inability to perceive or produce music, is increasingly studied.
  • Classical definitions focused on brain lesions, but developmental amusia is now recognized.
  • Recent studies highlight specific deficits like receptive amusia or musical alexia.

Purpose:

  • To review recent cases of amusia and their implications for understanding the condition.
  • To examine the evolving definitions and diagnostic criteria for amusia.
  • To explore the relationship between brain function, musical deficits, and degenerative diseases.

Summary:

  • Amusia remains ill-defined, with evolving definitions including developmental aspects.
  • Specific symptoms and their neural correlates are increasingly documented.
  • The impact of degenerative diseases on musical function presents complex, sometimes paradoxical, findings.
  • A gap exists in understanding amusia's evolutionary significance.

Impact:

  • This review clarifies the current understanding of amusia and its diverse manifestations.
  • It highlights the need for refined diagnostic approaches and further investigation into the neural basis of music.
  • The findings emphasize the importance of considering amusia in the context of both neurological and developmental conditions.