Renal function outcomes following liver transplantation and combined liver-kidney transplantation

Acute renal failure (ARF) is common immediately after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), whereas the incidences of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease increase with time. Introduction of the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score-intended to prioritize patients with more-severe pretransplantation liver disease in general, and worse pretransplantation renal function in particular-for the allocation of liver grafts led to concerns about compromised patient and allograft survival and increased incidence of postoperative ARF and CKD. Nonetheless, it has been suggested that early OLT of candidates with baseline renal dysfunction improves post-transplantation renal outcomes. For OLT candidates with mild to moderate chronic renal impairment or recent-onset ARF, the decision of whether to perform OLT alone or combined liver-kidney transplantation (CLKT) can be challenging because no single factor has been shown to be predictive of the degree of renal function recovery or CKD progression following successful OLT. In this article, we provide an overview of the literature on renal function outcomes following OLT and CLKT, share our perspectives on the potential predictors of renal dysfunction or nonrecovery of renal function after OLT, and present United Network for Organ Sharing data on patient and allograft outcomes in CLKT recipients in the pre-MELD and post-MELD eras. Mechanisms that might underlie immunological protection of kidney grafts by liver allografts are also discussed.