Physiology of menopause and update on hormonal replacement therapy

Menopause is the period during which ovarian function declines. It is a time that may last for years, during which changes in many organ systems occur as a consequence of estrogen deficiency. For some women, estrogen replacement therapy can alleviate some of these changes and prevent others. The physiologic basis, principles of therapy, contraindications, and side effects for this approach are discussed.