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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them into different...
Types of Collisions - II01:19

Types of Collisions - II

When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...
Introduction to Chemical Reactions01:23

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

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Impact01:30

Impact

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Quarrying of Stone01:15

Quarrying of Stone

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Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete

The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
10:18

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

Association reaction in forsterite under shock compression.

Y Syono, T Goto, H Takei

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |October 9, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Shock compression of forsterite (Mg(2)SiO(4)) to high pressures reveals its breakdown into MgO and MgSiO(3) glass. This supports the high-pressure phase being an assemblage of MgSiO(3) perovskite and MgO.

    Area of Science:

    • Mineral Physics
    • Geochemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Forsterite (Mg(2)SiO(4)) is a major component of the Earth's upper mantle.
    • Understanding its behavior under extreme pressure is crucial for geophysics and planetary science.
    • Previous studies suggested different high-pressure phases for forsterite.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the high-pressure phase transitions of forsterite under shock compression.
    • To determine the breakdown products of forsterite at extreme pressures.
    • To support or refute existing models of forsterite's high-pressure behavior.

    Main Methods:

    • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for detailed microstructural analysis.
    • Samples of forsterite were subjected to shock compression reaching peak pressures of 78 to 92 gigapascals.

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    A Uniaxial Compression Experiment with CO2-Bearing Coal Using a Visualized and Constant-Volume Gas-Solid Coupling Test System
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    A Uniaxial Compression Experiment with CO2-Bearing Coal Using a Visualized and Constant-Volume Gas-Solid Coupling Test System

    Published on: June 12, 2019

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    Published on: February 21, 2017

    Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction
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    A Uniaxial Compression Experiment with CO2-Bearing Coal Using a Visualized and Constant-Volume Gas-Solid Coupling Test System
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  • Analysis focused on identifying the phases present after shock loading.

    • Main Results:

    • Shocked forsterite transformed into an assemblage of magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium silicate (MgSiO(3)) glass.
    • Microscopic observations confirmed the breakdown products at the nanoscale.
    • The observed products are consistent with a specific high-pressure phase.

    Conclusions:

    • The breakdown of forsterite to MgO plus MgSiO(3) glass under shock strongly supports a specific high-pressure phase.
    • This phase is interpreted as an assemblage of MgSiO(3) perovskite and MgO.
    • The findings refine our understanding of deep Earth mineralogy and shock wave physics.