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Proofreading

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules starts when DNA polymerase links nucleotides together in a sequence that is complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity for the correct base to ensure fidelity in DNA replication. The DNA polymerase furthermore proofreads during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.Errors during Replication Are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase EnzymeGenomic DNA is synthesized in...

Proofreading

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules starts when DNA polymerase links nucleotides together in a sequence that is complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity for the correct base to ensure fidelity in DNA replication. The DNA polymerase furthermore proofreads during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.Errors during Replication Are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase EnzymeGenomic DNA is synthesized in...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Proofreading

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore, it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase Enzyme

Variance

Variance

The deviations show how spread out the data are about the mean. A positive deviation occurs when the data value exceeds the mean, whereas a negative deviation occurs when the data value is less than the mean. If the deviations are added, the sum is always zero. So one cannot simply add the deviations to get the data spread. By squaring the deviations, the numbers are made positive; thus, their sum will also be positive.The standard deviation measures the spread in the same units as the data.

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Published on: May 29, 2008

Erratum

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|February 8, 1991

Summary

Natural toxins like arsenic and radon, often found at high levels, were historically overlooked. Research efforts focused on trace industrial pollutants, neglecting significant natural carcinogens.

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Toxicology
Public Health

Background:

Concerns regarding industrial pollutants often overshadow naturally occurring toxins.
High levels of natural arsenic in water and radon in indoor air have been identified in various locations.
Historical research efforts have disproportionately focused on industrial pollutants rather than natural environmental hazards.

Purpose of the Study:

To correct and clarify previous statements regarding the relative importance of natural versus industrial pollutants.
To highlight the historical neglect of significant natural carcinogens in environmental health research.
To emphasize the need for a balanced approach in assessing environmental risks.

Main Methods:

Review and correction of published scientific correspondence.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Published on: May 29, 2008

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

Published on: March 29, 2016

Correction of Presbyopia by Monocular Bi-Aspheric Ablation Profile

Published on: September 20, 2024

Analysis of historical research priorities in environmental toxicology.

Comparative assessment of risk factors associated with natural and industrial pollutants.

Main Results:

Identified specific corrections to published letters concerning environmental toxins.
Highlighted that natural arsenic and radon were neglected despite high prevalence.
Demonstrated a historical focus on industrial pollutants at minuscule levels.

Conclusions:

Natural toxins such as arsenic and radon pose significant environmental health risks.
A re-evaluation of research priorities is needed to address high-level natural environmental hazards.
Balanced consideration of both natural and industrial pollutants is crucial for effective public health strategies.