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UV–Vis Spectrometers

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...

IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation

Fluorometers and spectrofluorometers are two types of instruments used for measuring molecular fluorescence. These instruments differ in how they select excitation and emission wavelengths and the type of light sources they utilize. Fluorometers use absorption interference filters to choose excitation and emission wavelengths. The excitation source in a fluorometer is typically a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp that emits intense lines distributed throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers. Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Measuring Diffusion Coefficients via Two-photon Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

Measuring Diffusion Coefficients via Two-photon Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

Published on: February 26, 2010

Surface spectroscopies with synchrotron radiation.

N V Smith, D P Woodruff

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|April 23, 1982

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Synchrotron radiation-based photoelectron spectroscopy offers detailed insights into solid surfaces, revealing electronic states and chemical bonds. Future advancements promise even greater capabilities for surface science research.

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A Technical Guide for Performing Spectroscopic Measurements on Metal-Organic Frameworks

A Technical Guide for Performing Spectroscopic Measurements on Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: April 28, 2023

Area of Science:

Surface science
Materials science
Atomic and molecular physics

Background:

Photoelectron spectroscopy is a powerful technique for analyzing the electronic structure of materials.
Synchrotron radiation provides a tunable and intense photon source crucial for advanced spectroscopic studies.
Understanding solid surfaces is vital for catalysis, electronics, and materials development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the application of various photoelectron spectroscopies utilizing synchrotron radiation for solid surface analysis.
To highlight recent research achievements in surface electronic state and chemical bonding investigations.
To discuss the future potential of these techniques with upcoming synchrotron facilities.

Main Methods:

Utilizing synchrotron radiation as the excitation source for photoelectron spectroscopy.
Analyzing the kinetic energies and angular distributions of emitted electrons.
Performing core-level and valence-level photoelectron spectroscopy.

Main Results:

Detailed information on surface electronic states and chemical bonding of adsorbed species was obtained.
Surface atom positions and molecular orientations were determined through core-level studies.
Recent research highlights demonstrate the technique's effectiveness in characterizing complex surface phenomena.

Conclusions:

Photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation is a versatile tool for surface characterization.
The technique provides atomic-level insights into surface electronic structure and chemical interactions.
Advancements in synchrotron light sources will significantly enhance the capabilities for future surface science investigations.