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Related Concept Videos

Cholera01:25

Cholera

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Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

86
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
86
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Regina Vorou1, Ioannis N Pierroutsakos, Helen C Maltezou

  • 1Office for Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases, Athens, Greece.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|September 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a dangerous tick-borne virus. Early diagnosis and awareness of transmission risks, including in hospitals, are crucial for managing this potentially fatal disease.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology of tick-borne viral zoonoses
  • Infectious disease outbreaks
  • Public health and tropical medicine

Background:

  • Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral zoonosis with significant human-to-human transmission potential.
  • The disease affects large regions across Asia, Southeastern Europe, and Africa, characterized by severe hemorrhagic manifestations and high case fatality rates (10-50%).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent scientific literature on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF).
  • To emphasize the epidemiology and current management strategies for CCHF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on CCHF epidemiology and management.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods, including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

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  • Evaluation of potential therapeutic agents and emerging research.

    • Main Results:

    • Climate and environmental changes are linked to CCHF epidemiology and outbreaks.
    • High-risk activities for nosocomial transmission include gastrointestinal bleeding interventions and needle-stick injuries.
    • RT-PCR offers rapid and accurate CCHF diagnosis; Ribavirin shows promise, but efficacy studies are lacking. Mx proteins demonstrate antiviral activity against CCHF virus.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinicians must be vigilant for imported CCHF cases and potential nosocomial transmission.
    • Further clinical studies are essential to confirm the efficacy of Ribavirin in treating CCHF.
    • Research into Mx proteins as a potential therapeutic avenue for CCHF warrants further investigation.