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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines01:19

NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines

In proton NMR spectroscopy, primary amines and secondary amines showcase their N–H protons as a broad signal in the chemical shift range between δ 0.5 and 5 ppm. The exact position in this range depends on several factors, including sample concentration, hydrogen bonding, and the type of solvent used. Since amine protons undergo fast proton exchange in solution, the protons are labile and therefore do not participate in any splitting with adjacent protons. Thus, the observed peak is broad and...
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

High frequency dynamics and structural relaxation process in liquid ammonia.

P Giura1, R Angelini, F Datchi

  • 1IMPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, UMR7590, 140 Rue de Lourmel, Paris F-75015, France.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|September 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study measured liquid ammonia dynamics using inelastic X-ray scattering. Structural relaxation follows an Arrhenius behavior, influenced by molecular network connectivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Chemical physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Liquid ammonia's dynamics are crucial for understanding molecular interactions.
  • Previous studies lack detailed terahertz frequency dynamics data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic structure factor S(Q,omega) of liquid ammonia.
  • To determine the temperature dependence of structural relaxation parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) measurements.
  • Analysis using generalized hydrodynamic formalism with a three-term memory function.
  • Temperature range: 220-298 K at 85 bars.

Main Results:

  • Extracted temperature dependence of structural relaxation time (tau(alpha)) and strength (Delta(alpha)).
  • tau(alpha) exhibits Arrhenius behavior with E(a)=2.6+/-0.2 kcal/mol.
  • Delta(alpha) is temperature-independent, indicating stable interparticle interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid ammonia's structural relaxation is strongly influenced by molecular network connectivity.
  • Comparison with water and hydrogen fluoride highlights network effects on dynamics.