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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...
Immunofluorescence Microscopy01:12

Immunofluorescence Microscopy

A fluorescence microscope uses fluorescent chromophores called fluorochromes, which can absorb energy from a light source and then emit this energy as visible light. Fluorochromes include naturally fluorescent substances (such as chlorophylls) and fluorescent stains that are added to the specimen to create contrast. Dyes such as Texas red and FITC are examples of fluorochromes. Other examples include the nucleic acid dyes 4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and acridine orange.
The...
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
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Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging
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Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging

Published on: April 28, 2022

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy.

Michiel Müller1, Andreas Zumbusch

  • 1Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|September 5, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy offers sensitive, label-free imaging by combining vibrational spectroscopy and microscopy. Despite a non-zero background challenge, CARS microscopy is a developing tool with potential for diverse applications.

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Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging
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Differential Imaging of Biological Structures with Doubly-resonant Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)
12:56

Differential Imaging of Biological Structures with Doubly-resonant Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)

Published on: October 17, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Nonlinear optical microscopy
  • Vibrational spectroscopy
  • Chemical imaging

Background:

  • Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is a nonlinear optical technique.
  • It combines vibrational spectroscopy with microscopy for sensitive, label-free sample analysis.
  • A key challenge is the non-zero background signal, necessitating detection against a nonresonant background.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present CARS microscopy as a novel nonlinear optical technique.
  • To highlight its capability for investigating unlabelled samples with high sensitivity.
  • To discuss the ongoing technological advancements addressing its limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Nonlinear optical microscopy
  • Vibrational spectroscopy
  • Raman scattering principles

Main Results:

  • CARS microscopy enables sensitive investigations of diverse, unlabelled samples.
  • Technological developments have focused on overcoming the non-zero background issue.
  • CARS microscopy shows potential as a complementary technique to established methods.

Conclusions:

  • CARS microscopy is a powerful tool for studying a broad range of samples.
  • Ongoing advancements are enhancing its utility and overcoming limitations.
  • The field is expected to continue its impressive growth, offering unique analytical capabilities.