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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Tidal Forces01:06

Tidal Forces

The origin of Earth's ocean tides has been a subject of continuous investigation for over 2000 years. However, the work of Newton is considered to be the beginning of the proper understanding of the phenomenon. Ocean tides are the result of gravitational tidal forces. These same tidal forces are present in any astronomical body; they are responsible for the internal heat that creates the volcanic activity on Io, one of Jupiter's moons, and the breakup of stars that get too close to black holes.
Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container. Nichols...
The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites01:16

Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites

The Moon orbits around the Earth. In turn, the Earth (and other planets) orbit the Sun. The space directly above our atmosphere is filled with artificial satellites in orbit. One can examine the circular orbit, the simplest kind of orbit, to understand the relationship between the speed and the period of planets and satellites with respect to their positions and the bodies that they orbit.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) first suggested that the Earth and all other planets orbit the Sun in...
Gravity between Spherical Bodies01:27

Gravity between Spherical Bodies

Newton's law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, the Moon, and other planets, the law holds with an assumption that masses of spherical objects are concentrated at their respective centers.
This assumption can be proved easily by showing that the expression for gravitational potential energy between a hollow sphere of mass (M) and a point mass (m) is the same as it would be for a pair of extended...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas
07:54

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Published on: April 3, 2018

Volcanic aerosols and lunar eclipses.

R A Keen

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |December 2, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Stratospheric aerosols impact lunar eclipse brightness. Comparing observed brightness with theoretical models reveals global aerosol loading from El Chichón (1982) matches Agung (1963).

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric science
    • Astronomy
    • Volcanology

    Background:

    • Lunar eclipses occur when Earth casts a shadow on the Moon.
    • Sunlight refracts through Earth's atmosphere, illuminating the Moon during an eclipse.
    • Stratospheric aerosols significantly influence the Moon's observed brightness during eclipses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify the impact of stratospheric aerosols on lunar eclipse brightness.
    • To estimate global aerosol optical depths using lunar eclipse observations.
    • To compare aerosol loading from major volcanic eruptions.

    Main Methods:

    • Analyzed brightness data from 21 lunar eclipses between 1960 and 1982.
    • Compared observed brightness with theoretical models assuming an aerosol-free atmosphere.

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas
    07:54

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    Published on: April 3, 2018

    Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface
    06:14

    Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

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    Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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  • Calculated globally averaged aerosol optical depths.

    • Main Results:

    • Determined global aerosol optical depths from lunar eclipse observations.
    • Found that the 1982 El Chichón eruption's aerosol loading was comparable to the 1963 Agung eruption.
    • Demonstrated the significant influence of volcanic aerosols on atmospheric optics.

    Conclusions:

    • Stratospheric aerosols from large volcanic eruptions have a measurable and comparable global impact.
    • Lunar eclipse observations provide a valuable method for monitoring global aerosol loading.
    • Volcanic eruptions like El Chichón and Agung significantly alter Earth's atmospheric radiative properties.