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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Unit Cells01:18

Unit Cells

A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Lunar clinopyroxenes: chemical composition, structural state, and texture.

M Ross, A E Bence, E J Dwornik

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 30, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary

    Apollo 11 clinopyroxenes reveal complex intergrowths of augite and pigeonite. These lunar pyroxenes show primary chemical variations and exsolution lamellae, suggesting a single primary pyroxene phase.

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    Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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    09:41

    Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

    Published on: May 29, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Geology
    • Mineralogy
    • Planetary Science

    Background:

    • Clinopyroxenes are key minerals for understanding igneous processes.
    • Apollo 11 samples offer insights into lunar magmatic evolution.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the mineralogy and chemistry of clinopyroxenes from Apollo 11 lunar samples.
    • To investigate the formation and evolution of pyroxenes in the lunar environment.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
    • Microprobe analysis
    • Optical microscopy
    • Electron microscopy (including Transmission Electron Microscopy)

    Main Results:

    • Lunar clinopyroxenes are predominantly augite-pigeonite intergrowths.
    • Abundant exsolution lamellae, as thin as 60 Å, were observed.
    • Primary chemical inhomogeneities were identified, with reciprocal relationships involving Ca, Fe, Ti, Al, and Si.

    Conclusions:

    • A chemically inhomogeneous subcalcic augite was the likely primary pyroxene phase.
    • Pigeonite exsolved from this primary augite, indicating complex thermal or chemical history.